Jiangsu
I. Basic Figures
II. Population Situation
In 1997, Jiangsu had a population of 69.48 million. It’s population density was 700 per km2 , ranking the first in all China provinces. Population is dense in the South of Jiangsu but sparse in the North of Jiangsu. The three areas with the lowest population density lie in the North of Jiangsu.
Since 1949, Jiangsu population development can be divided into four stages: (1)1950-1958, the first culmination of population growth with a NGR of 24.4‰; (2)1959-1961, the lowest period of population growth with a population decline of 0.15 million; (3)1962-1971, the second culmination of population growth with a NGR of 24.0-26.9‰; (4) 1972-, a stable period with a general decline in population growth. In 1997, the population NGR declined to be 4.59‰.
In the second part of the twenties century, the change of total population sex ratio is a little wavy, e.g. those in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990 and 1997 were 100.6, 101.5, 103.4,103.6 and 103.3. Nevertheless, in recent years, the sex ratio at low age group tends to diverge from the normal value. In 1990, the sex ratio at birth is 114.88 high.
In 1997, the percent of age group 0-14, 15-64 and 65 and its above in total population were 21.5%, 69.7% and 8.8%, respectively. Apparently, Jiangsu Province has become an aged society.
Since 1980, the change TFR has been wavy, but the general trend is to decline. In 1990, it was 2.01, 0.11 lower than that in 1980. The CBR was 11.43‰ in 1997.
According to a population projection, between 1991-2050, the number of women at childbearing age will decline gradually as well as its percentage in total female population. It will contribute to the further decline of fertility. After 2000, the number of birth in each year will be about 1 million and the CBR will be around 12.0‰.
In 1997, the CDR of Jiangsu population was 6.84‰, slightly rising from 6.10‰ in 1982 and 6.06‰ in 1990.
In 1990, the e0 of Jiangsu population was 72.87, far more than 66 of the world, 61 of undeveloped countries and 64 of Asia countries. The e0 of male was 70.39 and that of female was 75.40. According to the complete life table computed in 1990, the e0 of Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Nantong is distinctively higher than that of Xuzhou, Huaiyin, Yancheng and Lianyungang.
In 1997, 14.6% of the population above 15 years old were unmarried, 77.6% were married, 6.90% were widowed and 0.78% were divorced.
Since 1949, the number of household has increased continuously. In 1997, it had been 21.641 million. Currently, the family size is decreasing and the family structure is also becoming simple. In 1980, the family size was 4.03, but that in 1997 was 3.34. In 1990, the proportions of family with one generation, two generations and three generations were 16.02%, 64.59% and 18.56%, respectively.
In 1997, the proportion of population 65+ was 8.8%, which indicated that Jiangsu had become an aged society. The characteristics of population aging in Jiangsu province are as follows: a large absolute number of aged population; a higher growth rate than that of total population; a high growth rate of elderly itself; female elderly dominated; higher growth rate than that of economic development; unbalanced area distribution. According to a population projection, in the future 40-50 years, the number of elderly and its proportion in the total population is to rise year by year. The numbers of population 60+ in 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030 and 2040 will be 9.316 million, 12.197 million, 16.665 million, 23.038 million and 24.047 million, respectively. And the corresponding proportions will be 12.65%, 15.79%, 20.45%, 27.85% and 29.03%. After 2040, they will begin to decline gradually. Following the accelerated aging, the dependency ratio of aged population also increases rapidly. In 1990, it was 19.58%, but the expected values in 2000, 2010, 2020, 2030 and 2030 will be 24.00%, 31.40%, 43.77%, 60.30% and 63.11%, respectively.
According to the Fourth Census, the proportion of population with middle or high education increased and that of population with illiterate and semi-illiterate education declined. Compared with that in 1982, the population with higher education increased 1.56 times; the crude illiterate rate decreased from 22.74% to 11.05%.
In five years before the Fourth Census, the total number of inter-provincial migration was 1.4145 million, ranking the 2nd in China. The motivations of inter-provincial migration are as follows: marriage, work, business or position transfer. In five years, the total number of inner-provincial migration was 1.1886 million. Its characteristics are as follows: the distinctive area difference; a dominant flow from the rural to the urban; more young people than others; more male than female; relatively high education; the industry worker dominated in employment composition.
By the end of 1992, Jiangsu had had a floating population of 8.10 million. Its characteristics are as follows: economic floating population dominated; mostly floating inner county; longer duration of temporarily living in the economic developed area than that in less economic developed area; relatively high birth rate; less than half reported and registered floating population.
10. Population, Resources and environment
With a large and relatively low education population, the population pressure on resource tends to be serious. For meeting the ever increasing population and its demand, natural resource are developed deeply and environment is becoming frail.
In 1956, Jiangsu began to introduce the knowledge of contraception and birth control. At the same time, contraceptive guidance clinic was set up, eps. in urban area. In 1958, the Birth Control Committee and other birth control organizations were set up. In 1959-1961, for serious economy decline, population growth dropped into the growth valley. The work of birth control was shelved.
In July of 1963, the Province Family Planning Commission was set up. Since then, family planning program had been extended quickly. By the end of 1965, it had had been implemented in third five of total population. However, in the late period, for the breakup of “Culture Revolutionary”, family planning program was interfered seriously.
In this period, the leading group of family planning program was recovered and strengthened. Population projection was included in the program of national economic and social development. Because of overall implementing the population policy of “deferred, spaced and fewer” and strengthening the work of family planning technology, rapid population growth was controlled.
In the 1980s, family planning program was highly emphasized by leaders. Family planning organizations at all levels were strengthened to develop IEC and population policy was improved. Since 1979, the policy that each couple to have one child had been energetic advocated. In the following years, according to the provincial condition and resident’s needs, this policy was improved gradually. In 1987, the population policy was specified as: continue to advocate late marriage and late, fewer and healthier births, to advocate each couple to have one child and planned let couple who really has difficulties have another child in line with policy. At the same time, birth control technology, healthier birth and better childbearing and researches were also strengthened.
In 1997, the system of family planning management by objective and responsibility was formulated and implemented universally. The accomplishment of family planning program became one of important items in leaders’ office objectives and achievement assessment content at all levels. The “ Regulation of Jiangsu Province Family Planning” was promulgated in 1990. The detailed rules was publicized in the next year. They guaranteed the management by law. Meanwhile, the technology management and service were strengthened, new ways of birth control was extended, family planning finance management was improved and statistics and information management were standardized. Series of family planning insurance was also developed.
Since the setup of P.R. China, esp. since the 1970s, Jiangsu Province family planning program has effectively controlled the population growth and improved the population quality, which produced distinctive social and economic effects.
1. The CBR declined and family planning rate rose
From 1949 to the end of the 1960s, except three year declined economy, the CBR was always above 30‰. After 1971, following the universal implementation of family planning program, the population growth decreased gradually. In 1971- 75, 1981-85 and in 1997, the average NGR were13.62‰, 7.33‰, 4.59‰, respectively. The family planning rate was 90% high in 1993.
2. Population quality was improved.
In 1990, the e0 was 71.62, more 2.13 than in 1981. The IMR was 22.43‰, less 11.13 thousandth points than in 1981. In 1992, the average education year of population 15 and above was 5.70, more 0.23 than that in 1990. The population with higher education in 1990 was more 1.56 times than that in 1982. The crude illiterate rate declined from 22.74% in 1982 to 11.05% in 1990.
3. The transition of population reproduction was accelerated.
Before 1949, the pattern of Jiangsu population reproduction was high birth, high death and low growth. Since the universal implementation of family planning, it has gradually transited into the modern population production pattern, namely low birth, low death and low growth.
4. Advancing the international cooperation and communication.
Since the 1980s, 53 family planning open-up units have been set up in 14 counties and cities. They have received more than 150 officials and researchers visiting groups from WHO, UNFPA, USA, UK, Janpan, India, Parkistan, Mexico, Singapore and Thailand. Through international communication, the technology cooperation was enhanced. In 1993, Jointly China-Nitherland Nanjing Ou-jia Agriculture and Medical Production Ltd. was set up and put into production.
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